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As we all know, “one belt and one road” is the initiative to the world in 2013 By His Excellency Xi Jinping, China's top leader. Since then, more and more countries have recognized and approved it and expressed their willingness to participate in it. Iran is also one of those countries. “One belt and one road” advocates cooperation and seeks win-win results. Therefore, many countries have been building "one belt and one road" together.
Introduction Multilateralism is currently shedding its skin and going through a metamorphosis. Certain countries organize collective, institutional efforts to maintain multilateralism, believing that this is the best way to safeguard their interests, especially in health, security, progress, and environmental protection. In the first instance, the common ground between these countries is how they view the importance of multilateralism, common concerns, and solving global issues. They define its significance on their national agenda by keeping in mind international opposition, in particular from the United States and the Zionist regime. They have envisaged three priorities for their “initial”...
Introduction The United States has taken many unilateral actions on the international scene in the last few decades due to its economic, political, security, and military position, leading to a trend in its foreign and economic policies. This unilateralist approach to foreign and economic policies has had its peaks and troughs post-World War II throughout most US administrations, but seems to be on the upswing under Donald Trump. Ever since Trump took office at the White House in 2017, he revived the nationalist slogan of Warren G Harding (the 29th US president from 1921 until his death in 1923) – America First – and adopted unilateral anti-institutional policies, leaving multilateral...
International law is the outcome of convergence and multilateralism. Although unilateralism is not unlawful and illegal in all cases, it is still against the spirit, values, and goals set by conventional international law and treaties. Clearly, governments exercise their own rules and regulations within their borders and set their own standards; but when the scope of national decision-makings extends beyond its territorial domain while the affected governments and stakeholders have not been able to air their views on the process of establishing and enforcing these norms and regulations, unilateralism displays its countervalues. A report by the Study Group of the United Nations International Law...
Introduction Unilateralism is historically one of the basic approaches of US foreign policy. In 1796, George Washington, first president of the United States, warned US against “permanent coalition” with other countries because as an “Empire of Freedom” US has to be able to act independently at the international arena. Based on this idea, US is an exception in the world and this state of being an exception has to spread over all aspects of its foreign policy. US enjoys the most complete political and social systems of the world and the best geographical and natural situation, therefore this supremacy has to be felt in its foreign policy too. This unilateralism and exceptionalism reach its...
In the glossary/literature of human rights, the closest term which describes true meaning of “unilateralism” is “unilateral coercive measures”. It reveals both the negative connotation/aspect of unilateralism and its ruthless and compulsory nature. Maybe it was because of the same reason that since early 1970s, it has repeatedly been stressed in every international documents such as the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States; The New International Economic Order (NIEO); and Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, that members of the United Nations are banned from carrying out or encouraging any act of force which...
Unilateralism is deeply rooted in the US Foreign Policy. It has even gained more momentum following the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Since then no power has been formed to compete with US and control its behavior. This has eventually paved the way for US increased tendency to unilateralism in its foreign policy. Unilateralism is highly appealing in US Foreign Policy because there is a very pessimistic opinion regarding multilateralism in that country and this is believed to be an indication of collapse or emergence of new powers that are challenging US supremacy. Additionally, there is a special impression about unilateralism in US Foreign Policy according which unilateralism is not necessarily equal to...
Climate change is presently one of the most important threats against human security and consequently, a serious threat against international peace and security. De-desertification, glaciers melting, lands engulfment, temperature inversion and many other unwanted and unpleasant effects of climate change have, somehow, affected modern human life in a serious way and it is feared that humans are gradually paving the way for their self-destruction. This serious fear about the necessity of paying due attention to climate change and its undesirable affects which had increased due to the growing density of greenhouse gases caused by increasing boom of industries, has caused grave reactions since early 70s and was added...
The process of disarmament has originally started based on discrimination. The five powers of the time that possessed nuclear weapons and have also been the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, recognized it a right for themselves to have nuclear weapons but at the same time called on other members of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to give up their rights for possessing nuclear weapons in return to achieving the technology to use peaceful nuclear energy. India stood against this approach that was referred to by New Delhi as “Nuclear Apartheid” and avoided to join NPT. Pakistan and Israel have also refused to join the treaty while North Korea has later announced that it will...
Since the middle of 2017 and after North Korea carried out nuclear and missile tests, the new American administration started mounting stronger attacks and more serious criticism of Pyongyang. As a result, the crisis over North Korea turned into a major security challenge in the Far East and within the strategic domain that includes China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. However, the gravity of that crisis has been reduced to some extent with the lapse of time and many experts currently believe that the involved parties are very possible to start negotiations aimed at finding a solution. The present paper looks into the main reasons that have caused this crisis to ebb. Why North...
Following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar world system, many country leaders and politicians were trying to take advantage of changes in international system to meet the national interests of their respective countries. In doing this, they meant to adapt their countries with new global trends and agendas resulting from new changes, while at the same time, maintaining their basic principles and protecting their national interests. India was a prominent example in the field of revising its past agendas and adapting them to new global trends followed by diversification of the country’s foreign relations. Of course, India’s efforts to diversify its relations with various power...
After the end of Daesh’s organized presence in Iraq and Syria was announced on November 20, 2017, the group was expected to choose Afghanistan as its new official base in order to continue its terrorist and inhumane activities. Therefore, if this happens, the issue of insecurity and instability in Afghanistan, and subsequently across the region, will become more serious. The Taliban and al-Qaeda terrorist groups started their serious activities in Afghanistan in 2001 and continued them up to the present time. As a result of those activities, instability and insecurity has been on the rise in this country while security of many countries in the world, especially regional countries, has been seriously...
Limitations Facing Europe in Dealing with the Russia Threat Mutual security and military actions taken by Europe and Russia, especially following developments in Ukraine, have been among important issues for analysts of Europe’s issues. During recent years, the European Union and its member states have been facing three remarkable threats: the “threat posed to lives of European citizens,” the “thereat to European project,” and the “threat arising from confrontation with an increasingly self-confident Russia.” There is ample evidence to prove increasing political and military self-confidence of Russia, examples of which include Russia's military...
The second overseas trip by US President Donald Trump following his visit to the Middle Eastern states took him to East Asia, including Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, from November 3 to 14, 2017. The visit took place at a time that crisis was escalating on the Korean Peninsula and that crisis even overshadowed Trump’s two-way talks with the leaders of Japan, South Korea and China. The main question that the following paper wants to answer is “has the United States’ strategy toward East Asia undergone any major change following Trump’s first visit to this region?” To answer this question and to asses Trump’s East Asia tour, first of all, the main...
During his speech at this year’s annual meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, the foreign minister of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) mounted a stern verbal attack against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed al Nahyan accused Tehran of making efforts to destabilize the region and violate the nuclear deal with the P5+1 group of countries, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Now, the question is why the UAE adopts such sharp positions against the Islamic Republic of Iran? In response, one can claim that although the UAE has extensive economic relations with Iran, when it comes to political matters, it has consistently adopted a policy, which has been...
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