Articles
Introduction Coronavirus is a member of a large family of viruses that can cause a variety of illnesses, from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as: "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome" or "MERS" and "Acute Respiratory Syndrome" or "SARS". The emerging coronavirus (Covid-19), is a new type of family that has not been identified before. The new virus, which has infected tens of thousands of people in China's Wuhan province and around the world over the past two months has caused acute respiratory problems with its daily expansion, there is a concern that it will become a global epidemic. In the early stages, the virus only existed in China, but...
Introduction Japan is the world's third economy and the eighth military power in the world in terms of military budget. This country in terms of military and security in the years after World War II due to the imposed constitution (Article 9 of the Constitution) was banned from acting independently in world security processes, until recent years was defined as a role of the state "unusual" in international relations. Adopting purely economic strategy and giving the national security to the United States, led Japan to play a passive role in international politics and, at the same time, safe for its neighbors (China, South Korea, North Korea, other Southeast Asian countries, Russia,...
Introduction Accept this problem that in today's world, international risks cross countries' natural borders and in a global way, they engage all societies, indicates a kind of political maturity in all international actors. The politicization of economic issues, an increasing importance of environmental pollution and Its dangers to societies, by influencing international relations, it shows the vulnerability of governments and societies in the face of events which occur in the territory of other countries. In this space, the main feature of the international system, is complexity, numerous and interfering relationships, conflict and cooperation. Corona virus, which is now known by the official name...
Abstract It seems the administration of the US president, Donald Trump, pursues the strategy of exerting “maximum pressure” on Iran to achieve the goal of the Sovietization of Islamic Republic. In doing this, the incumbent US administration is trying to take advantage of experiences gained by the administration of former US president, Ronald Reagan, in its faceoff with the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. According to findings of this research, the theoretical backbone supporting this project is comprised of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) and some other rightwing and conservative American think tanks, including the Heritage Foundation and the American...
Abstract The main question in this paper is about the nature of alliances in the Middle East as one of the most important, strategic and, of course, stressful regions in the world. In other words, the question is if the nature of alliances in this region, like similar alliances in the West, can be determined by identity-based solidarity and the formation of common and collective identities based on fundamental norms”. In addition, when discussing the nature and causes of alliances in this region, should the role of identity-based factors be downplayed in favor of the role of power and power balance as well as threat balance? The main argument of this paper is that contrary to Barnett, a theorist...
Abstract From the perspective of international relations, sanction imposers or sender countries have different motives for using this instrument. The change in the US administration’s policy regarding the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is one of the remarkable examples in this context. This paper tries to answer the following question: What is the theoretical different between (Donald) Trump and (Barak) Obama administrations’ sanction policies regarding Iran despite of being compliant with its obligations based on JCPOA. The paper’s assumption is that while the sanction policy of Obama administration was based on making Iran more committed to international norms, the main motive of...
Abstract The US containment policy toward Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 was actually a form of controlling policy, paralleled with a form of selective interaction. The US adopted the aforementioned policy to restrain Iran’s influence, narrowing down Iran’s strategic weight in regional and international arenas and ultimately changing Iran’s political behavior and regime. What are the US containment policy’s components toward Iran? What are the regional impacts of these components on Iran? This paper claims that the US strategies to restrain Iran can be categorized into four components (1.Securitization of Iran, 2.Utilizing punitive diplomatic measures...
Abstract Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the ensuing hostage taking at the US embassy in Tehran in 1979, the "other" – the enemy US – has turned into one of the most significant demonstrative and stabilizing elements of the political identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article, focused on the role of political identity, seeks to explain why four decades after the Islamic Revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran still sticks to the policy of no-ties with the United States of America, resists US-centered structural pressure and rejects any reconciliation with the US. To answer this question, we resort to the views of political realists. Political realists...
Abstract This paper seeks to explain how Shia Islam’s theological stances have prevented the formation and growth of extremism and violence and the spread of terrorism while blocking any attempt by extremists to extend the domain of blasphemy and jihadism to Muslims and carry out criminal and terrorist actions. Studies conducted within the framework of this research show that the Shia theological stances have not allowed the emergence of extremist thoughts and terrorist groups in Shia communities due to following the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad’s family, the institutionalization of wisdom, and the emergence of reformism in the contemporary period in fundamental issues like...
Abstract This paper tries to explain how holding general elections can promote the state’s international standing and authority. This paper is also trying to explain four effective elements, including democratic peace, the importance of international legitimacy, public diplomacy, and clean slate doctrine to help the researchers to find out the prominent role of holding elections in stabilizing and improving the state’s standing in the international arena. A free general election, in fact, establishes the state’s international interactions, in part, because such elections make other states receive specific signs and concepts, paving the way for the intended states to carry out desired reactions....
As we all know, “one belt and one road” is the initiative to the world in 2013 By His Excellency Xi Jinping, China's top leader. Since then, more and more countries have recognized and approved it and expressed their willingness to participate in it. Iran is also one of those countries. “One belt and one road” advocates cooperation and seeks win-win results. Therefore, many countries have been building "one belt and one road" together.
Introduction Multilateralism is currently shedding its skin and going through a metamorphosis. Certain countries organize collective, institutional efforts to maintain multilateralism, believing that this is the best way to safeguard their interests, especially in health, security, progress, and environmental protection. In the first instance, the common ground between these countries is how they view the importance of multilateralism, common concerns, and solving global issues. They define its significance on their national agenda by keeping in mind international opposition, in particular from the United States and the Zionist regime. They have envisaged three priorities for their “initial”...
Introduction The United States has taken many unilateral actions on the international scene in the last few decades due to its economic, political, security, and military position, leading to a trend in its foreign and economic policies. This unilateralist approach to foreign and economic policies has had its peaks and troughs post-World War II throughout most US administrations, but seems to be on the upswing under Donald Trump. Ever since Trump took office at the White House in 2017, he revived the nationalist slogan of Warren G Harding (the 29th US president from 1921 until his death in 1923) – America First – and adopted unilateral anti-institutional policies, leaving multilateral...
International law is the outcome of convergence and multilateralism. Although unilateralism is not unlawful and illegal in all cases, it is still against the spirit, values, and goals set by conventional international law and treaties. Clearly, governments exercise their own rules and regulations within their borders and set their own standards; but when the scope of national decision-makings extends beyond its territorial domain while the affected governments and stakeholders have not been able to air their views on the process of establishing and enforcing these norms and regulations, unilateralism displays its countervalues. A report by the Study Group of the United Nations International Law...
Introduction Unilateralism is historically one of the basic approaches of US foreign policy. In 1796, George Washington, first president of the United States, warned US against “permanent coalition” with other countries because as an “Empire of Freedom” US has to be able to act independently at the international arena. Based on this idea, US is an exception in the world and this state of being an exception has to spread over all aspects of its foreign policy. US enjoys the most complete political and social systems of the world and the best geographical and natural situation, therefore this supremacy has to be felt in its foreign policy too. This unilateralism and exceptionalism reach its...
In the glossary/literature of human rights, the closest term which describes true meaning of “unilateralism” is “unilateral coercive measures”. It reveals both the negative connotation/aspect of unilateralism and its ruthless and compulsory nature. Maybe it was because of the same reason that since early 1970s, it has repeatedly been stressed in every international documents such as the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States; The New International Economic Order (NIEO); and Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, that members of the United Nations are banned from carrying out or encouraging any act of force which...
Unilateralism is deeply rooted in the US Foreign Policy. It has even gained more momentum following the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Since then no power has been formed to compete with US and control its behavior. This has eventually paved the way for US increased tendency to unilateralism in its foreign policy. Unilateralism is highly appealing in US Foreign Policy because there is a very pessimistic opinion regarding multilateralism in that country and this is believed to be an indication of collapse or emergence of new powers that are challenging US supremacy. Additionally, there is a special impression about unilateralism in US Foreign Policy according which unilateralism is not necessarily equal to...
Climate change is presently one of the most important threats against human security and consequently, a serious threat against international peace and security. De-desertification, glaciers melting, lands engulfment, temperature inversion and many other unwanted and unpleasant effects of climate change have, somehow, affected modern human life in a serious way and it is feared that humans are gradually paving the way for their self-destruction. This serious fear about the necessity of paying due attention to climate change and its undesirable affects which had increased due to the growing density of greenhouse gases caused by increasing boom of industries, has caused grave reactions since early 70s and was added...
The process of disarmament has originally started based on discrimination. The five powers of the time that possessed nuclear weapons and have also been the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, recognized it a right for themselves to have nuclear weapons but at the same time called on other members of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to give up their rights for possessing nuclear weapons in return to achieving the technology to use peaceful nuclear energy. India stood against this approach that was referred to by New Delhi as “Nuclear Apartheid” and avoided to join NPT. Pakistan and Israel have also refused to join the treaty while North Korea has later announced that it will...
Since the middle of 2017 and after North Korea carried out nuclear and missile tests, the new American administration started mounting stronger attacks and more serious criticism of Pyongyang. As a result, the crisis over North Korea turned into a major security challenge in the Far East and within the strategic domain that includes China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. However, the gravity of that crisis has been reduced to some extent with the lapse of time and many experts currently believe that the involved parties are very possible to start negotiations aimed at finding a solution. The present paper looks into the main reasons that have caused this crisis to ebb. Why North...
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